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the subject was closed

  • 1 The human body

    When it is clear who owns the part of the body mentioned, French tends to use the definite article where English uses a possessive adjective:
    he raised his hand
    = il a levé la main
    she closed her eyes
    = elle a fermé les yeux
    Note, for instance, the use of la and mon here:
    she ran her hand over my forehead
    = elle a passé la main sur mon front
    For expressions such as he hurt his foot or she hit her head on the beam, where the owner of the body part is the subject of the verb, i.e. the person doing the action, use a reflexive verb in French:
    she has broken her leg
    = elle s’est cassé la jambe
    ( literally she has broken to herself the leg - there is no past participle agreement because the preceding reflexive pronoun se is the indirect object).
    he was rubbing his hands
    = il se frottait les mains
    she was holding her head
    = elle se tenait la tête
    Note also the following:
    she broke his leg
    = elle lui a cassé la jambe
    ( literally she broke to him the leg)
    the stone split his lip
    = le caillou lui a fendu la lèvre
    ( literally the stone split to him the lip)
    Describing people
    For ways of saying how tall someone is ⇒ Length measurement ; of stating someone’s weight ⇒ Weight measurement ; and of talking about the colour of hair and eyes ⇒ Colours.
    Here are some ways of describing people in French:
    his hair is long
    = il a les cheveux longs
    he has long hair
    = il a les cheveux longs
    a boy with long hair
    = un garçon aux cheveux longs
    a long-haired boy
    = un garçon aux cheveux longs
    the boy with long hair
    = le garçon aux cheveux longs
    her eyes are blue
    = elle a les yeux bleus
    she has blue eyes
    = elle a les yeux bleus
    she is blue-eyed
    = elle a les yeux bleus
    the girl with blue eyes
    = la fille aux yeux bleus
    a blue-eyed girl
    = une fille aux yeux bleus
    his nose is red
    = il a le nez rouge
    he has a red nose
    = il a le nez rouge
    a man with a red nose
    = un homme au nez rouge
    a red-nosed man
    = un homme au nez rouge
    When referring to a temporary state, the following phrases are useful:
    his leg is broken
    = il a la jambe cassée
    the man with the broken leg
    = l’homme à la jambe cassée
    but note
    a man with a broken leg
    = un homme avec une jambe cassée

    Big English-French dictionary > The human body

  • 2 close

    1. adjective
    1) (near in space) dicht; nahe

    be close to something — nahe bei od. an etwas (Dat.) sein

    you're too close to the fire — du bist zu dicht od. nah am Feuer

    I wish we lived closer to your parents — ich wünschte, wir würden näher bei deinen Eltern wohnen

    be close to tears/breaking point — den Tränen/einem Zusammenbruch nahe sein

    at close quarters, the building looked less impressive — aus der Nähe betrachtet, wirkte das Gebäude weniger imposant

    at close range — aus kurzer Entfernung

    2) (near in time) nahe (to an + Dat.)
    3) eng [Freund, Freundschaft, Beziehung, Zusammenarbeit, Verbindung]; nahe [Verwandte, Bekanntschaft]

    be/become close to somebody — jemandem nahe stehen/nahekommen

    4) (rigorous, painstaking) eingehend, genau [Untersuchung, Prüfung, Befragung usw.]
    5) (stifling) stickig [Luft, Raum]; drückend, schwül [Wetter]
    6) (nearly equal) hart [[Wett]kampf, Spiel]; knapp [Ergebnis]

    that was a close call or shave or thing — (coll.) das war knapp!

    7) (nearly matching) wortgetreu [Übersetzung]; getreu, genau [Imitation, Kopie]; groß [Ähnlichkeit]
    8) eng [Schrift]
    2. adverb
    1) (near) nah[e]

    be close at hand — in Reichweite sein

    close by — in der Nähe

    close on 60 years — fast 60 Jahre

    close on 2 o'clock — kurz vor 2 [Uhr]

    close to somebody/something — nahe bei jemandem/etwas

    don't stand so close to the edge of the cliff — stell dich nicht so nah od. dicht an den Rand des Kliffs

    it brought them closer together — (fig.) es brachte sie einander näher

    be/come close to tears — den Tränen nahe sein

    2) fest [schließen]; genau [hinsehen]
    3. transitive verb
    1) (shut) schließen, (ugs.) zumachen [Augen, Tür, Fenster, Geschäft]; zuziehen [Vorhang]; (declare shut) schließen [Laden, Geschäft, Fabrik, Betrieb, Werk, Zeche]; stilllegen [Betrieb, Werk, Zeche, Bahnlinie]; sperren [Straße, Brücke]
    2) (conclude) schließen, beenden [Besprechung, Rede, Diskussion]; schließen [Versammlung, Sitzung]
    3) (make smaller) schließen (auch fig.) [Lücke]
    4. intransitive verb
    1) (shut) sich schließen; [Tür:] zugehen (ugs.), sich schließen

    the door/lid doesn't close properly — die Tür/der Deckel schließt nicht richtig

    2) [Laden, Geschäft, Fabrik:] schließen, (ugs.) zumachen; (permanently) [Betrieb, Werk, Zeche:] geschlossen od. stillgelegt werden; [Geschäft:] geschlossen werden, (ugs.) zumachen
    3) (come to an end) zu Ende gehen; enden; (finish speaking) schließen
    5. noun
    1) no pl. Ende, das; Schluss, der

    come or draw to a close — zu Ende gehen

    bring or draw something to a close — einer Sache (Dat.) ein Ende bereiten; etwas zu Ende bringen

    2) (cul-de-sac) Sackgasse, die
    Phrasal Verbs:
    - academic.ru/13537/close_down">close down
    * * *
    I 1. [kləus] adverb
    1) (near in time, place etc: He stood close to his mother; Follow close behind.) nahe
    2) (tightly; neatly: a close-fitting dress.) eng
    2. adjective
    1) (near in relationship: a close friend.) vertraut
    2) (having a narrow difference between winner and loser: a close contest; The result was close.) knapp
    3) (thorough: a close examination of the facts; Keep a close watch on him.) genau
    4) (tight: a close fit.) eng
    5) (without fresh air: a close atmosphere; The weather was close and thundery.) schwül
    6) (mean: He's very close (with his money).) geizig
    7) (secretive: They're keeping very close about the business.) verschwiegen
    •
    - closely
    - closeness
    - close call/shave
    - close-set
    - close-up
    - close at hand
    - close on
    - close to     II 1. [kləuz] verb
    1) (to make or become shut, often by bringing together two parts so as to cover an opening: The baby closed his eyes; Close the door; The shops close on Sundays.) schließen
    2) (to finish; to come or bring to an end: The meeting closed with everyone in agreement.) enden
    3) (to complete or settle (a business deal).) abschließen
    2. noun
    (a stop, end or finish: the close of day; towards the close of the nineteenth century.) das Ende
    - close down
    - close up
    * * *
    close1
    [kləʊs, AM kloʊs]
    I. adj usu pred
    1. (short distance) nah[e]
    let's go to the \closest pub lasst uns in das nächste Pub gehen!
    ▪ to be \close to sth in der Nähe einer S. gen liegen
    our guest-house was \close to the sea unsere Pension war nicht weit vom Meer entfernt
    \close combat Nahkampf m
    \close to the ground dicht über dem Boden
    in \close proximity in unmittelbarer Nähe
    at \close quarters aus der Nähe [betrachtet]
    at \close range aus kurzer Entfernung
    \close together nahe [o dicht] beieinander
    to be \close to exhaustion total erschöpft sein
    to be \close to perfection so gut wie perfekt sein
    to be \close to tears den Tränen nahe sein
    3. (near in time) nahe [bevorstehend]
    it's \close to Christmas Weihnachten steht vor der Tür
    war is \close ein Krieg steht unmittelbar bevor
    \close together nahe [o dicht] beieinander
    ▪ to be \close to sb jdm [sehr] nahestehen
    my brother and I have always been very \close mein Bruder und ich standen uns schon immer sehr nahe
    ... because of their \close links with terrorist groups... wegen ihrer engen Verbindung zu Terrorgruppen
    \close bond enges Band
    \close co-operation enge Zusammenarbeit
    just \close family nur die nächsten Verwandten
    \close friend enger Freund/enge Freundin
    \close friendship enge Freundschaft
    \close links eine enge Verbindung
    \close relatives nahe Verwandte
    5. (little space between) eng
    \close handwriting enge Schrift
    ten pages of \close print zehn eng bedruckte Seiten
    \close ranks geschlossene Reihen
    \close weave dichtes Gewebe
    6. ( fig: dense)
    \close argument stichhaltiges Argument
    \close reasoning geschlossene Argumentation
    7. (almost equal) knapp
    the race is going to be a \close contest das wird ein Kopf-an-Kopf-Rennen!
    the election was too \close to call der Ausgang der Wahl war völlig offen
    \close race Kopf-an-Kopf-Rennen nt
    8. (similar)
    to be the \closest equivalent to sth etw dat am nächsten kommen
    \close resemblance große Ähnlichkeit
    to bear a \close resemblance to sb/sth jdm/etw sehr ähnlich sehen/sein
    9. (exact) genau
    to pay \close attention to sb jdm gut zuhören
    to pay \close attention to sth genau auf etw akk achten
    to keep a \close eye on sth etw gut im Auge behalten
    10. (secret) verschwiegen
    she's very \close about her relationship was ihre Beziehung angeht, ist sie sehr verschwiegen
    \close secret großes Geheimnis
    11. (airless, stifling) schwül; (in room) stickig
    12. (mean) knauserig pej
    \close to [or on] ... nahezu..., fast...
    \close to midnight kurz vor Mitternacht
    14. LING
    \close vowel geschlossener Vokal
    15.
    ▶ to be \close to the bone der Wahrheit ziemlich nahekommen
    ▶ that was a \close call! das war knapp!
    ▶ that was too \close for comfort! das ging gerade nochmal gut!; (distance)
    she lives too \close for comfort sie wohnt näher als ihr lieb ist
    ▶ to hold [or keep] one's cards \close to one's chest sich dat nicht in die Karten sehen lassen
    ▶ that was a \close shave! das war knapp! fam
    ▶ to have had a \close shave gerade noch davongekommen sein
    II. adv (near in location) nahe; (near in time) nahe [bevorstehend]
    please come \closer kommen Sie doch näher!
    the election is getting \close die Wahlen stehen unmittelbar vor der Tür
    she came \close to getting that job fast hätte sie die Stelle bekommen
    to come \close to blows beinahe handgreiflich werden
    to be \close at hand person in Reichweite sein; event unmittelbar bevorstehen
    to come \close to tears den Tränen nahekommen
    to come \close to the truth der Wahrheit [ziemlich] nahekommen
    to get \close to sb/sth jdm/etw nahekommen
    to hold sb \close jdn fest an sich drücken
    on looking \closer bei genauerem Hinsehen
    ▪ \close by in der Nähe
    the little child stood \close by his mother das kleine Kind stand dicht bei seiner Mutter
    ▪ from \close up aus der Nähe
    ▪ \close together dicht beieinander
    please stand \closer together können Sie vielleicht noch ein bisschen aufrücken?
    these appointments are too \close together diese Termine liegen einfach zu dicht aufeinander
    ▶ to sail \close to the wind sich akk hart an der Grenze des Erlaubten bewegen
    III. vi
    1. (move nearer)
    ▪ to \close on sb/an animal sich akk jdm/einem Tier [bedrohlich] nähern
    2. STOCKEX (reach a price)
    shares \closed at 15 dollars die Aktien erreichten eine Schlussnotierung von 15 Dollar
    IV. n BRIT Hof m; (in street names) Straßenname für Sackgassen; (around cathedral) Domhof m; SCOT schmaler, meist offener Durchgang oder Hof
    close2
    [kləʊz, AM kloʊz]
    I. vt
    ▪ to \close sth etw schließen
    to \close a book ein Buch zumachen
    to \close a company/factory/shop einen Betrieb/eine Fabrik/einen Laden schließen
    to \close the curtains die Vorhänge zuziehen
    to \close the door/one's mouth/the window die Tür/seinen Mund/das Fenster zumachen
    to \close one's ears ( fig) sich akk taub stellen
    to \close one's eyes seine Augen zumachen [o schließen]
    to \close one's eyes to sth ( fig) die Augen vor etw dat verschließen
    to \close a plant/railway line ein Werk/eine Bahnstrecke stilllegen
    to \close ranks die Reihen schließen
    the party has \closed ranks on the issue die Partei nimmt dem Thema gegenüber eine geschlossene Stellung ein
    to \close a road eine Straße sperren; ECON, FIN
    to \close an account ein Konto auflösen
    2. (bring to an end)
    the matter is \closed der Fall ist abgeschlossen
    the performance was \closed with ‘Auld Lang Syne’ die Aufführung endete mit dem Lied ‚Auld Lang Syne‘
    to \close a bank account ein Konto auflösen
    to \close a case LAW einen Fall abschließen
    case \closed also LAW der Fall ist abgeschlossen
    to \close a deal einen Handel [ab]schließen
    to \close a discussion eine Diskussion beenden
    let's \close this discussion with a brief summary lassen Sie mich diese Diskussion mit einer kurzen Zusammenfassung abschließen
    to \close a meeting eine Besprechung beenden
    ▪ to \close sth etw schließen
    to \close the gap between x and y die Kluft zwischen x und y überwinden
    4. ELEC
    to \close a circuit einen Stromkreis schließen
    to \close a file eine Datei zumachen [o schließen
    6.
    ▶ to \close the stable door after the horse has bolted den Brunnen erst zudecken, wenn das Kind hineingefallen ist prov
    II. vi
    1. (shut) wound sich schließen; door, window, lid zugehen; shop, bank schließen
    her eyes \closed in tiredness vor Müdigkeit fielen ihr die Augen zu
    this box doesn't \close properly diese Kiste geht nicht richtig zu
    2. (shut down) schließen; shop zumachen; factory also stilllegen
    3. (end) zu Ende gehen; meeting schließen; play abgesetzt werden; STOCKEX
    the pound \closed at $1.62 das Pfund schloss mit 1,62 Dollar
    4. (approach) sich akk nähern
    the tanks \closed to within 50 metres of the frontline die Panzer kamen bis auf 50 Meter an die Front heran
    III. n
    1. no pl (end) Ende nt, Schluss m
    to bring [or draw] sth to a \close etw beenden
    to come to a \close zu Ende gehen, enden
    to draw to a \close sich dem Ende zuneigen
    at the \close of business bei Geschäftsschluss
    at the \close of trading bei Börsenschluss
    2. STOCKEX Börsenschluss m
    by the \close bei Börsenschluss
    3. (in cricket)
    4. MUS Kadenz f
    * * *
    I [kləʊs]
    1. adj (+er)
    1) (= near) nahe (
    to +gen), in der Nähe ( to +gen, von) to +gen )

    at close quarters —

    he chose the closest cake — er nahm den Kuchen, der am nächsten lag

    we use this pub because it's close/the closest — wir gehen in dieses Lokal, weil es in der Nähe/am nächsten ist

    2) (in time) nahe (bevorstehend)

    nobody realized how close a nuclear war was — es war niemandem klar, wie nahe ein Atomkrieg bevorstand

    3) (fig) friend, co-operation, connection etc eng; relative nahe; resemblance groß, stark

    they were very close (to each other) — sie waren or standen sich or einander (geh) sehr nahe

    4) (= not spread out) handwriting, print eng; ranks dicht, geschlossen; (fig) argument lückenlos, stichhaltig; reasoning, game geschlossen
    5) (= exact, painstaking) examination, study eingehend, genau; translation originalgetreu; watch streng, scharf

    you have to pay very close attention to the traffic signs —

    to keep a close lookout for sb/sth — scharf nach jdm/etw Ausschau halten

    6) (= stuffy) schwül; (indoors) stickig
    7) (= almost equal) fight, result knapp

    a close election — ein Kopf-an-Kopf-Rennen nt, eine Wahl mit knappem Ausgang

    the vote/election was too close to call — der Ausgang der Abstimmung/Wahl war völlig offen

    8)

    close on sixty/midnight — an die sechzig/kurz vor Mitternacht

    2. adv (+er)
    nahe; (spatially also) dicht

    close to the water/ground —

    the closer the exams came the more nervous he got —

    this pattern comes close/closest to the sort of thing we wanted — dieses Muster kommt dem, was wir uns vorgestellt haben, nahe/am nächsten

    if you get too close up... — wenn du zu nahe herangehst...

    3. n
    (in street names) Hof m; (of cathedral etc) Domhof m; (Scot = outside passage) offener Hausflur II [kləʊz]
    1. vt
    1) (= shut) schließen; eyes, door, shop, window, curtains also zumachen; (permanently) business, shop etc schließen; factory stilllegen; (= block) opening etc verschließen; road sperren

    "closed" — "geschlossen"

    sorry, we're closed — tut uns leid, wir haben geschlossen or zu

    to close one's eyes/ears to sth — sich einer Sache gegenüber blind/taub stellen

    to close the gap between... — die Diskrepanz zwischen... beseitigen

    2) (= bring to an end) church service, meeting schließen, beenden; affair, discussion also abschließen; bank account etc auflösen; sale abschließen
    3) (ELEC) circuit schließen
    2. vi
    1) (= shut, come together) sich schließen; (door, window, box, lid, eyes, wound also) zugehen; (= can be shut) schließen, zugehen; (shop, factory) schließen, zumachen; (factory permanently) stillgelegt werden

    his eyes closed — die Augen fielen ihm zu; (in death) seine Augen schlossen sich

    2) (= come to an end) schließen; (tourist season) aufhören, enden, zu Ende gehen; (THEAT, play) auslaufen
    3) (= approach) sich nähern, näher kommen; (boxers etc) aufeinander losgehen
    4) (COMM: accept offer) abschließen, zu einem Abschluss kommen

    the shares closed at £5 — die Aktien erreichten eine Schlussnotierung von £ 5

    3. n
    Ende nt, Schluss m

    to come to a close — enden, aufhören, zu Ende gehen

    to draw to a close — sich dem Ende nähern, dem Ende zugehen

    to draw or bring sth to a close —

    at/towards (Brit) or toward (US) the close of (the) day — am/gegen Ende des Tages

    * * *
    A adj [kləʊs] (adv → closely)
    1. ver-, geschlossen, (nur präd) zu
    2. obs von Mauern etc umgeben
    3. zurückgezogen, abgeschieden
    4. verborgen, geheim
    5. dumpf, schwül, stickig, drückend
    6. fig verschlossen, verschwiegen, zurückhaltend
    7. geizig, knaus(e)rig
    8. knapp, beschränkt:
    money is close das Geld ist knapp
    9. nicht zugänglich, nicht öffentlich, geschlossen
    10. dicht, fest (Gewebe etc)
    11. eng, (dicht) gedrängt:
    close handwriting enge Schrift
    12. knapp, kurz, bündig (Stil etc)
    13. kurz (Haar)
    14. eng (anliegend) (Kleid etc)
    15. (wort)getreu, genau (Übersetzung)
    16. stark (Ähnlichkeit)
    17. nah, dicht:
    close combat MIL Nahkampf m;
    close fight Handgemenge n, weitS. zähes Ringen, harter Kampf;
    close together dicht beieinander;
    a) nahe oder dicht bei,
    b) (zeitlich) dicht vor (dat), nahe (dat),
    c) fig (jemandem) nahestehend, vertraut mit,
    d) fig eng verwandt oder verbunden mit;
    this subject is very close to me dieses Thema liegt mir sehr am Herzen;
    close to tears den Tränen nahe;
    a speed close to that of sound eine Geschwindigkeit, die dicht an die Schallgrenze herankommt; → bone1 A 1, proximity, range A 5
    18. eng (Freunde):
    he was a close friend of mine, we were close friends wir waren eng befreundet
    19. nah (Verwandte)
    20. fig knapp:
    21. fig scharf, hart, knapp:
    close victory knapper Sieg;
    close election knapper Wahlausgang;
    close finish scharfer Endkampf
    22. gespannt (Aufmerksamkeit)
    23. gründlich, eingehend, scharf, genau:
    close investigation gründliche oder eingehende Untersuchung;
    close observer scharfer Beobachter;
    close questioning strenges Verhör; → inspection 1
    24. streng, scharf:
    close arrest strenge Haft;
    close prisoner streng bewachter Gefangener;
    in close custody unter scharfer Bewachung;
    keep a close watch on scharf im Auge behalten (akk)
    25. streng, logisch, lückenlos (Beweisführung etc)
    26. LING geschlossen (Laut etc): → punctuation 1
    27. MUS eng:
    close harmony enger Satz
    B adv [kləʊs] eng, nahe, dicht:
    a) nahe oder dicht dabei, ganz in der Nähe,
    b) nahe oder dicht bei, neben (dat);
    close at hand nahe bevorstehend;
    close on two hundred fast oder annähernd zweihundert;
    fly close to the ground dicht am Boden fliegen;
    come close to fig dicht herankommen oder -reichen an (akk), fast … sein;
    cut close ganz kurz schneiden;
    keep close in der Nähe bleiben;
    lie ( oder keep) close sich verborgen halten;
    press sb close jemanden hart bedrängen;
    run sb close jemandem dicht auf den Fersen sein;
    if you look closer wenn du näher oder genauer hinsiehst; → wind1 A 1
    C s [kləʊz]
    1. (Ab)Schluss m, Ende n:
    bring to a close eine Versammlung etc beenden;
    come ( oder draw) to a close zu Ende gehen
    2. Schlusswort n
    3. Briefschluss m
    4. MUS Kadenz f, Schluss(fall) m
    5. Handgemenge n, Kampf m
    6. [kləʊs] Br
    a) Einfriedung f, Hof m (einer Kirche, Schule etc)
    b) Gehege n
    c) JUR (eingefriedetes) Grundstück: → breach Bes Redew
    7. [kləʊs] Br (kurze, umbaute) Sackgasse
    8. [kləʊs] schott Hausdurchgang m zum Hof
    D v/t [kləʊz]
    1. (ab-, ver-, zu)schließen, zumachen, COMPUT eine Datei etc schließen: → closed, door Bes Redew, eye A 1, gap 6, heart Bes Redew, mind A 2, rank1 A 7
    2. ein Loch etc verstopfen
    3. a) einen Betrieb, die Schule etc schließen
    b) they had their ground closed for two games SPORT sie bekamen eine Platzsperre für zwei Spiele
    4. ein Gelände, eine Straße (ab)sperren:
    close a road to traffic eine Straße für den Verkehr sperren
    5. die Hand schließen, die Faust ballen
    6. die Sicht versperren
    7. ELEK den Stromkreis schließen
    8. fig beenden, be-, abschließen:
    close a case einen Fall abschließen;
    close the court JUR die Verhandlung schließen;
    close an issue eine (strittige) Sache erledigen;
    close a procession einen Zug beschließen;
    close one’s days seine Tage beschließen (sterben);
    the subject was closed das Thema war beendet
    9. WIRTSCH
    a) ein Konto auflösen
    b) eine Rechnung abschließen: → book A 9
    10. einen Handel, ein Geschäft abschließen
    11. einen Abstand verringern
    12. SCHIFF näher herangehen an (akk):
    close the wind an den Wind gehen
    13. WIRTSCH US → close out A 2
    E v/i [kləʊz]
    1. allg sich schließen (auch Lücke, Wunde etc)
    2. geschlossen werden
    3. schließen, zumachen:
    the shop closes at 5 o’clock
    4. enden, aufhören, zu Ende gehen
    5. schließen ( with the words mit den Worten)
    6. Börse: abschließen (at mit)
    7. heranrücken, sich nähern:
    close (a)round ( oder about) sb jemanden einschließen, jemanden umzingeln
    8. close with sb mit jemandem (handels)einig werden, sich mit jemandem einigen ( beide:
    on über akk)
    9. close with sb mit jemandem handgemein werden oder aneinandergeraten
    10. sich verringern (Abstand, Strecke)
    * * *
    1. adjective
    1) (near in space) dicht; nahe

    be close to something — nahe bei od. an etwas (Dat.) sein

    I wish we lived closer to your parents — ich wünschte, wir würden näher bei deinen Eltern wohnen

    be close to tears/breaking point — den Tränen/einem Zusammenbruch nahe sein

    at close quarters, the building looked less impressive — aus der Nähe betrachtet, wirkte das Gebäude weniger imposant

    2) (near in time) nahe (to an + Dat.)
    3) eng [Freund, Freundschaft, Beziehung, Zusammenarbeit, Verbindung]; nahe [Verwandte, Bekanntschaft]

    be/become close to somebody — jemandem nahe stehen/nahekommen

    4) (rigorous, painstaking) eingehend, genau [Untersuchung, Prüfung, Befragung usw.]
    5) (stifling) stickig [Luft, Raum]; drückend, schwül [Wetter]
    6) (nearly equal) hart [[Wett]kampf, Spiel]; knapp [Ergebnis]

    that was a close call or shave or thing — (coll.) das war knapp!

    7) (nearly matching) wortgetreu [Übersetzung]; getreu, genau [Imitation, Kopie]; groß [Ähnlichkeit]

    be the closest equivalent to something — einer Sache (Dat.) am ehesten entsprechen

    8) eng [Schrift]
    2. adverb
    1) (near) nah[e]

    close on 2 o'clock — kurz vor 2 [Uhr]

    close to somebody/something — nahe bei jemandem/etwas

    it brought them closer together — (fig.) es brachte sie einander näher

    be/come close to tears — den Tränen nahe sein

    2) fest [schließen]; genau [hinsehen]
    3. transitive verb
    1) (shut) schließen, (ugs.) zumachen [Augen, Tür, Fenster, Geschäft]; zuziehen [Vorhang]; (declare shut) schließen [Laden, Geschäft, Fabrik, Betrieb, Werk, Zeche]; stilllegen [Betrieb, Werk, Zeche, Bahnlinie]; sperren [Straße, Brücke]
    2) (conclude) schließen, beenden [Besprechung, Rede, Diskussion]; schließen [Versammlung, Sitzung]
    3) (make smaller) schließen (auch fig.) [Lücke]
    4. intransitive verb
    1) (shut) sich schließen; [Tür:] zugehen (ugs.), sich schließen

    the door/lid doesn't close properly — die Tür/der Deckel schließt nicht richtig

    2) [Laden, Geschäft, Fabrik:] schließen, (ugs.) zumachen; (permanently) [Betrieb, Werk, Zeche:] geschlossen od. stillgelegt werden; [Geschäft:] geschlossen werden, (ugs.) zumachen
    3) (come to an end) zu Ende gehen; enden; (finish speaking) schließen
    5. noun
    1) no pl. Ende, das; Schluss, der

    come or draw to a close — zu Ende gehen

    bring or draw something to a close — einer Sache (Dat.) ein Ende bereiten; etwas zu Ende bringen

    2) (cul-de-sac) Sackgasse, die
    Phrasal Verbs:
    * * *
    v.
    abschließen v.
    schließen v.
    (§ p.,pp.: schloß, geschlossen)
    zumachen v.

    English-german dictionary > close

  • 3 Deane, Sir Anthony

    SUBJECT AREA: Ports and shipping
    [br]
    b. 1638 Harwich (?), England
    d. 1721 England
    [br]
    English master shipwright, one of the most influential of seventeenth-century England.
    [br]
    It is believed that Deane was born in Harwich, the son of a master mariner. When 22 years of age, having been trained by Christopher Pett, he was appointed Assistant Master Shipwright at Woolwich Naval Dockyard, indicating an ability as a shipbuilder and also that he had influence behind him. Despite abruptness and a tendency to annoy his seniors, he was acknowledged by no less a man than Pepys (1633–1703) for his skill as a ship designer and -builder, and he was one of the few who could accurately estimate displacements and drafts of ships under construction. While only 26 years old, he was promoted to Master Shipwright of the Naval Base at Harwich and commenced a notable career. When the yard was closed four years later (on the cessation of the threat from the Dutch), Deane was transferred to the key position of Master Shipwright at Portsmouth and given the opportunity to construct large men-of-war. In 1671 he built his first three-decker and was experimenting with underwater hull sheathing and other matters. In 1672 he became a member of the Navy Board, and from then on promotion was spectacular, with almost full responsibility given him for decisions on ship procurement for the Navy. Owing to political changes he was out of office for some years and endured a short period in prison, but on his release he continued to work as a private shipbuilder. He returned to the King's service for a few years before the "Glorious Revolution" of 1688; thereafter little is known of his life, beyond that he died in 1721.
    Deane's monument to posterity is his Doctrine of Naval Architecture, published in 1670. It is one of the few books on ship design of the period and gives a clear insight into the rather pedantic procedures used in those less than scientific times. Deane became Mayor of Harwich and subsequently Member of Parliament. It is believed that he was Peter the Great's tutor on shipbuilding during his visit to the Thames in 1698.
    [br]
    Principal Honours and Distinctions
    Knighted 1673.
    Bibliography
    1670, Doctrine of Naval Architecture; repub. 1981, with additional commentaries by Brian Lavery, as Deane's Doctrine of Naval Architecture 1670, London: Conway Maritime.
    Further Reading
    Westcott Abell, 1948, The Shipwright's Trade, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
    FMW

    Biographical history of technology > Deane, Sir Anthony

  • 4 close

    Ⅰ.
    close1 [kləʊs]
    proche ⇒ 1 (a), 1 (b), 1 (f) serré ⇒ 1 (d), 1 (g) attentif ⇒ 1 (e) mal aéré ⇒ 1 (h) près ⇒ 1 (a), 2 (a) étroitement ⇒ 2 (b)
    (compar closer, superl closest)
    ∎ the library is close to the school la bibliothèque est près ou proche de l'école;
    ∎ in close proximity to sth dans le voisinage immédiat de ou tout près de qch;
    ∎ they're very close in age ils ont presque le même âge;
    ∎ his death brought the war closer to home c'est avec sa mort que nous avons vraiment pris conscience de la guerre;
    ∎ we are close to an agreement nous sommes presque arrivés à un accord;
    ∎ at close intervals à intervalles rapprochés;
    ∎ I saw him at close quarters je l'ai vu de près;
    ∎ at close range à bout portant;
    ∎ to be close at or to hand (shop, cinema etc) être tout près; (book, pencil etc) être à portée de main;
    ∎ to be close to tears être au bord des larmes;
    ∎ to be (very) close to victory être (tout) près de la victoire;
    ∎ familiar I came close to thumping him one j'ai bien failli lui en coller une;
    ∎ he keeps things close to his chest il ne fait guère de confidences;
    ∎ to see sth at close quarters voir qch de près;
    ∎ to give sb a close shave raser qn de près;
    ∎ familiar that was a close shave or American call! on l'a échappé belle!, on a eu chaud!;
    ∎ the bill was passed but it was a close thing la loi a été votée de justesse;
    ∎ they're very close (friends) ils sont très proches;
    ∎ he's a close friend of mine c'est un ami intime;
    ∎ a close relative un parent proche;
    ∎ I'm very close to my sister je suis très proche de ma sœur;
    ∎ he has close ties with Israel il a des rapports étroits avec Israël;
    ∎ there's a close connection between the two things il y a un rapport étroit entre les deux;
    ∎ the President consulted his closest advisers le président consulta ses conseillers les plus proches;
    ∎ sources close to the royal family des sources proches de la famille royale;
    ∎ a subject close to my heart un sujet qui me tient à cœur;
    ∎ to keep sth a close secret garder le secret absolu sur qch
    ∎ they stay in close contact ils restent en contact en permanence
    (d) (in competition, race etc) serré; (election) vivement serré;
    ∎ it was a close contest ce fut une lutte serrée;
    ∎ to play a close game jouer serré;
    ∎ close finish arrivée f serrée
    (e) (thorough, careful) attentif, rigoureux;
    ∎ pay close attention to what she says faites très attention ou prêtez une grande attention à ce qu'elle dit;
    ∎ have a close look at these figures examinez ces chiffres de près;
    ∎ upon close examination après un examen détaillé ou minutieux;
    ∎ to keep (a) close watch or eye on sb/sth surveiller qn/qch de près;
    ∎ I keep close control of the expenses je contrôle étroitement les dépenses;
    ∎ in close confinement en détention surveillée
    ∎ his version of events was close to the truth sa version des faits était très proche de la réalité;
    ∎ he bears a close resemblance to his father il ressemble beaucoup à son père;
    ∎ it's the closest thing we've got to an operating theatre voilà à quoi se réduit notre salle d'opération
    (g) (compact → handwriting, print) serré; (→ grain) dense, compact;
    ∎ Military in close formation en ordre serré
    (h) British (stuffy → room) mal aéré, qui manque de ventilation ou d'air;
    ∎ it's very close in here on manque vraiment d'air ici;
    ∎ it's terribly close today il fait très lourd aujourd'hui
    (i) (secretive) renfermé, peu communicatif;
    ∎ he's very close about his private life il est très discret sur sa vie privée
    (j) familiar (miserly) pingre, radin
    (a) (near) près;
    ∎ don't come too close n'approche pas ou ne t'approche pas trop;
    ∎ I live close to the river j'habite près de la rivière;
    ∎ did you win? - no, we didn't even come close avez-vous gagné? - non, loin de là;
    ∎ she came close to losing her job elle a failli perdre son emploi;
    ∎ to come close to death frôler la mort;
    ∎ to come close to the world record frôler le record du monde;
    ∎ they walked close behind us ils nous suivaient de près;
    ∎ she lives close by elle habite tout près;
    ∎ I looked at it close to or up je l'ai regardé de près;
    ∎ close together serrés les uns contre les autres;
    ∎ sit closer together! serrez-vous!;
    ∎ it's brought us closer ça nous a rapprochés
    (b) (tight) étroitement, de près;
    ∎ he held me close il m'a serré dans ses bras
    3 noun
    (a) (field) clos m
    (b) British (street) impasse f
    (d) Scottish = passage conduisant de la rue à une cour ou à un immeuble en retrait
    ∎ it's close on nine o'clock il est presque neuf heures;
    ∎ she must be close on fifty elle doit friser la cinquantaine ou doit avoir près de cinquante ans
    (almost, nearly) presque;
    ∎ the baby weighs close to 7 pounds ≃ le bébé pèse presque 3 kilos et demi
    ►► Military close combat corps à corps m;
    Music close harmony tessiture f limitée
    ✾ Film 'Close Encounters of the Third Kind' Spielberg 'Rencontres du troisième type'
    Ⅱ.
    close2 [kləʊz]
    fermer ⇒ 1 (a)-(d), 1 (j), 2 (a) conclure ⇒ 1 (e), 1 (h) arrêter ⇒ 1 (f) liquider ⇒ 1 (g) se refermer ⇒ 2 (b) se terminer ⇒ 2 (d) clôturer ⇒ 2 (e) fin, conclusion ⇒ 3
    (a) (shut → door, window, shop, book) fermer;
    ∎ he closed his eyes and went to sleep il ferma les yeux et s'endormit;
    ∎ figurative the committee had not closed the books on the inquiry le comité n'avait pas refermé le dossier de l'affaire;
    ∎ to close one's eyes to sth fermer les yeux sur qch;
    ∎ to close one's mind to sth refuser de penser à qch;
    ∎ she closed her mind to anything new elle s'est fermée à tout ce qui était neuf
    (b) (opening, bottle) fermer, boucher;
    ∎ figurative we must close the gap between the rich and the poor nous devons combler le fossé entre riches et pauvres
    (c) (block → border, road) fermer;
    ∎ they've closed the airport ils ont fermé l'aéroport;
    ∎ a road closed to motor traffic une route interdite à la circulation automobile
    (d) (shut down → factory) fermer;
    ∎ they plan to close more rural stations ils ont l'intention de fermer d'autres petites gares de campagne
    (e) (conclude → matter) conclure, terminer; (→ meeting, session) lever, clore; (→ debate) fermer;
    ∎ she closed the conference with a rallying call to the party faithful elle termina la conférence en lançant un appel de solidarité aux fidèles du parti;
    ∎ a neat way of closing the discussion un habile moyen de clore la discussion;
    ∎ the subject is now closed l'affaire est close
    (f) Commerce & Finance (account) arrêter, clore;
    ∎ to close the books balancer les comptes, régler les livres;
    ∎ to close the yearly accounts arrêter les comptes de l'exercice
    (h) (settle → deal) conclure;
    ∎ we closed a deal with them last week nous avons conclu un accord avec eux la semaine dernière
    (i) (move closer together) serrer, rapprocher;
    ∎ Military close ranks! serrez les rangs!;
    ∎ figurative the party closed ranks behind their leader le parti a serré les rangs derrière le leader
    (a) (shut → gate, window) fermer, se fermer; (→ shop) fermer; (→ cinema, theatre) faire relâche;
    ∎ this window doesn't close properly cette fenêtre ne ferme pas bien ou ferme mal;
    ∎ the door closed quietly behind them la porte s'est refermée sans bruit derrière eux;
    ∎ the bakery closes on Fridays la boulangerie ferme le vendredi
    (b) (wound, opening) se refermer;
    ∎ the gap was closing fast l'écart diminuait rapidement
    (c) (cover, surround)
    ∎ the waves closed over him les vagues se refermèrent sur lui;
    ∎ the onlookers closed around us un cercle de curieux se forma autour de nous;
    ∎ my fingers closed around the gun mes doigts se resserrèrent sur le revolver
    (d) (meeting) se terminer, prendre fin; (speaker) terminer, finir;
    ∎ I closed with a reference to Rimbaud j'ai terminé par une référence à Rimbaud
    (e) Stock Exchange clôturer;
    ∎ the shares closed at 420p les actions ont clôturé ou terminé à 420 pence;
    ∎ the share index closed two points down l'indice (boursier) a clôturé en baisse de deux points
    3 noun
    fin f, conclusion f; (of day) tombée f; Stock Exchange (on financial futures market) clôture f; (closing price) cours m de clôture;
    ∎ at close of business à la ou en clôture;
    ∎ the concert came to a close le concert s'acheva;
    ∎ the year drew to a close l'année s'acheva;
    ∎ it's time to draw the meeting to a close il est temps de mettre fin à cette réunion;
    ∎ towards the close of the century vers la fin du siècle;
    ∎ at close of play (in cricket) à la fin du match
    ►► Computing close box case f de fermeture;
    British close season Hunting fermeture f de la chasse; Fishing fermeture f de la pêche; Football intersaison f
    (a) (business, factory) fermer;
    ∎ the shop had to close down le magasin a dû fermer
    (b) British Television & Radio terminer les émissions
    (business, factory) fermer;
    ∎ they had to close down their shop ils ont dû fermer leur magasin
    (a) (approach) approcher, se rapprocher; (encircle) cerner de près;
    ∎ to close in on or upon se rapprocher de;
    ∎ the hunters closed in on their prey les chasseurs se rapprochèrent de leur proie;
    ∎ the police/his creditors are closing in l'étau de la police/de ses créanciers se resserre
    (b) (evening, night) approcher, descendre; (day) raccourcir; (darkness, fog) descendre;
    ∎ darkness closed in on us la nuit nous enveloppa
    isoler, fermer;
    ∎ the area was closed off to the public le quartier était fermé au public;
    ∎ some of the rooms in the house have been closed off certaines pièces de la maison ont été fermées;
    ∎ Accountancy to close off an account arrêter un compte
    se rapprocher de;
    ∎ we were closing on them fast nous nous rapprochions d'eux rapidement
    (a) American (factory, shop, business) liquider (avant fermeture)
    (b) (complete successfully → game, competition) remporter;
    ∎ to close it out l'emporter
    ∎ to close a position boucler ou clore ou fermer une position
    (a) (seal) fermer; (opening, pipe) obturer, boucher; (wound) refermer, recoudre
    (c) (shop, house) fermer
    (a) (wound) se refermer
    (b) (shopkeeper) fermer
    (a) (finalize deal with) conclure un marché avec
    (b) literary (fight with) engager la lutte ou le combat avec

    Un panorama unique de l'anglais et du français > close

  • 5 transgresor

    adj.
    law-breaking, evil-doing, transgressive, offensive.
    m.
    transgressor, law-breaker, infringer, lawbreaker.
    * * *
    ► nombre masculino,nombre femenino
    1 transgressor, law-breaker
    * * *
    transgresor, -a
    SM / F transgressor
    * * *
    - sora masculino, femenino transgressor
    * * *
    = offender, violator, harmdoer, trespasser.
    Ex. The much-criticized DELINQUENT WOMEN was changed to FEMALE offenders in the 1974 Supplement to the Library of Congress Subject Headings (LCSH).
    Ex. In the past teachers and lecturers have been the most flagrant violators of the author's copyright.
    Ex. The act of 'harmdoing' is defined, & the impact of legal structures on the behavior of the harmdoer & victim is examined.
    Ex. The meeting was closed prematurely when police ordered the premises to be evacuated by the conferencers as well as the trespassers.
    ----
    * transgresor de la ley = lawbreaker.
    * * *
    - sora masculino, femenino transgressor
    * * *
    = offender, violator, harmdoer, trespasser.

    Ex: The much-criticized DELINQUENT WOMEN was changed to FEMALE offenders in the 1974 Supplement to the Library of Congress Subject Headings (LCSH).

    Ex: In the past teachers and lecturers have been the most flagrant violators of the author's copyright.
    Ex: The act of 'harmdoing' is defined, & the impact of legal structures on the behavior of the harmdoer & victim is examined.
    Ex: The meeting was closed prematurely when police ordered the premises to be evacuated by the conferencers as well as the trespassers.
    * transgresor de la ley = lawbreaker.

    * * *
    masculine, feminine
    transgressor
    * * *

    transgresor
    ◊ - sora sustantivo masculino, femenino

    transgressor
    transgresor,-ora sustantivo masculino y femenino transgressor, lawbreaker

    ' transgresor' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    transgresora
    - trasgresor
    - trasgresora
    * * *
    transgresor, -ora, trasgresor, -ora nm,f
    transgressor
    * * *
    m, transgresora f transgressor
    * * *
    : transgressor

    Spanish-English dictionary > transgresor

  • 6 there

    1. adverb
    1) (in/at that place) da; dort; (fairly close) da

    somebody has been there before — (fig. coll.) jemand weiß Bescheid

    there or thereabouts — so ungefähr

    be down/in/up there — da unten/drin/oben sein

    there goes... — da geht/fährt usw....

    are you there? — (on telephone) sind Sie noch da od. (ugs.) dran?

    2) (calling attention)

    hello or hi there! — hallo!

    there's a good etc. boy/girl — das ist lieb [von dir, mein Junge/Mädchen]

    3) (in that respect) da

    there, it is a loose wire — da haben wir's - ein loser Draht

    there it is — (nothing can be done about it) da kann man nichts machen

    there you are — (giving something) [da,] bitte schön (see also 2. 2))

    4) (to that place) dahin, dorthin [gehen, gelangen, fahren, rücken, stellen]

    we got there and back in two hours — wir brauchten für Hin- und Rückweg [nur] zwei Stunden

    down/in/up there — dort hinunter/hinein/hinauf

    get there first — jemandem/den anderen zuvorkommen

    get there — (fig.) (achieve) es [schon] schaffen; (understand) es verstehen

    was there anything in it? — war da irgendetwas drin? (ugs.)

    there are many kinds of... — es gibt viele Arten von...

    there was once an old woman who... — es war einmal eine alte Frau, die...

    there was no beer left — es gab kein Bier mehr

    there's no time for that now — dafür haben wir/habe ich jetzt keine Zeit

    ... if ever there was one —... wie er/sie/es im Buche steht

    2. interjection
    1) (to soothe child etc.)

    there, there — na, na (ugs.)

    2) (expr. triumph or dismay)

    there [you are]! — da, siehst du! (see also 1. 3))

    there, you've dropped it! — da, jetzt hast du es doch fallen lassen!

    3. noun
    da, dort

    near there — da od. dort in der Nähe

    * * *
    [ðeəʳ, ðəʳ, AM ðer, ðɚ]
    I. adv inv
    1. (in, at that place) dort, da
    where are my glasses? — right \there beside you! wo ist meine Brille? — gleich dort neben dir!
    \there's that book you were looking for hier ist das Buch, das du gesucht hast
    here and \there hier und da
    \there and then [or then and \there] auf der Stelle, sofort
    to be \there to do sth dazu da sein, etw zu tun
    ▶ to be \there for sb für jdn da sein
    \there or thereabouts (at or near place) in der Gegend dort, dort irgendwo fam; (approximately) so ungefähr
    forty years, \there or thereabouts, had elapsed so ungefähr vierzig Jahre waren vergangen
    2. (at the place indicated) dort, da
    I've left the boxes under \there ich habe die Schachteln dort unten hingestellt
    if anyone wants out, \there's the door! wenn jemand gehen möchte, dort ist die Tür!
    that girl \there has it das Mädchen dort hat es
    in \there da drin[nen]
    out \there da draußen
    over \there da [o dort] drüben
    up \there dort oben
    3. (to a place) dahin, dorthin
    put the chair \there stell den Stuhl dahin
    the museum was closed today — we'll go \there tomorrow das Museum ist heute zu — wir gehen morgen hin
    to get \there (arrive) hinkommen; ( fig: succeed) es schaffen; (understand) es verstehen
    we'll never get \there in time wir kommen niemals rechtzeitig hin
    try again, you'll get \there in the end versuch es nochmal, du schaffst es schon
    you'll get \there if you think about it hard enough du verstehst es schon, wenn du lange genug darüber nachdenkst
    \there and back hin und zurück
    in \there dort hinein
    4. (in speech or text) an dieser Stelle; (on that subject) in diesem Punkt
    read out the rest of the letter, don't stop \there! lies' den Brief fertig, hör' nicht hier auf
    I'd have to disagree with you \there in diesem Punkt [o da] muss ich Ihnen leider widersprechen
    5. (to introduce sentences)
    \there's Linda coming da kommt Linda
    \there's a good boy/girl/dog braver Junge/braves Mädchen/braver Hund
    tie your shoelaces, \there's a good girl binde dir die Schnürsenkel zu, sei ein liebes Mädchen
    \there once was [or lived] ... ( liter) einst lebte..., es war einmal...
    \there appears [or seems] to be... anscheinend gibt es...
    \there appeared to be some difficulty in fixing a date for the meeting es scheint Schwierigkeiten zu geben, einen Termin für die Sitzung zu finden
    \there comes a point where... ( form) es kommt der Punkt, an dem...
    6. (to express existence)
    ▪ \there is es gibt
    \there's someone on the phone for you [da ist jemand am] Telefon für dich
    \there's no doubt as to who is the best candidate es besteht kein Zweifel, wer der beste Kandidat/die beste Kandidatin ist
    \there are lives at stake es stehen Leben auf dem Spiel
    is \there any food left? ist noch etwas zu essen da?
    \there isn't any milk, is \there? — yes. \there is es gibt keine Milch, oder? — doch
    \there being no other possibility,... da es keine andere Möglichkeit gab,...
    I don't want \there to be any problems ich will nicht, dass es irgendwelche Probleme gibt
    7. (said to attract attention)
    hello \there! hallo!
    \there goes the phone das ist das Telefon
    8.
    ▶ to be all \there [up top] ( fam) geistig voll da sein fam
    ▶ to not be all \there ( fam: mentally lacking) nicht ganz da sein fam; (no longer mentally fit) nicht mehr ganz auf der Höhe sein fam
    ▶ \there you are [or go] ( fam: what you wanted) hier bitte; (expressing confirmation, triumph or resignation) aber bitte
    \there you are — that'll be £3.80 please hier bitte — das macht 3,80 Pfund
    you press the button and \there you are du drückst auf den Knopf, das ist alles
    we didn't win the competition, but \there you go — we can always try again next year wir haben den Wettkampf zwar nicht gewonnen, aber bitte — wir können es nächstes Jahr noch einmal versuchen
    \there you are! I knew you'd forget if you didn't write it down da haben wir's! ich wusste, dass du es vergessen würdest, wenn du es dir nicht aufschreibst
    sometimes it is embarrassing, but \there you go manchmal ist es peinlich, aber so ist es nun mal
    ▶ to have been \there before ( fam) alles schon wissen fam
    at the end of the day we are \there to make money schließlich sind wir dazu da, Geld zu verdienen
    ▶ been \there, done that ( fam) kalter Kaffee sl
    best friends are [always] \there for each other in times of trouble gute Freunde sind in schweren Zeiten [immer] füreinander an
    ▶ \there you go again das übliche Spiel
    \there she goes again — she never knows when to stop es ist immer dasselbe — sie weiß nie, wann es genug ist
    ▶ \there goes sth etw geht gerade den Bach runter fam
    \there goes my career das war's wohl mit meiner Karriere! fam
    ▶ \there you have it na siehst du
    simply turn the handle three times and \there you have it drehe einfach dreimal den Griff und schon geht's
    ▶ to be neither here nor \there keine Rolle spielen
    ▶ \there it is was soll's
    pretty ridiculous, I know, but \there it is ziemlich lächerlich, ich weiß, aber was soll's
    ▶ to not be \there yet noch nicht bereit sein
    II. interj
    1. (expressing sympathy) da!, schau!
    \there, \there! [or \there now!] ganz ruhig!, schon gut!
    \there, \there, don't cry, it won't hurt for long schon gut, weine nicht, es wird nicht lang weh tun
    2. (expressing satisfaction) na bitte!, siehst du!
    \there, I've made it work at last na also, ich hab's wieder repariert
    \there, I told you she wouldn't mind! siehst du, ich habe dir gesagt, dass es ihr nichts ausmacht
    3. (annoyance) also bitte
    \there, now you've broken it! da, jetzt hast du es kaputt gemacht! fam
    4. ( fam)
    so \there! und damit basta!
    you can't share, so \there! du kannst nicht teilen, und damit basta!
    * * *
    [ðɛə(r)]
    1. adv
    1) dort, da; (with movement) dorthin, dahin

    look, there's Joe/there's Joe coming — guck mal, da ist/kommt Joe

    it's under/over/in there — es liegt dort or da drunter/drüben/drin

    put it under/over/in/on there — stellen Sie es dort or da drunter/rüber or hinüber/rein or hinein/drauf or hinauf

    let's stop there — hören wir doch da auf; (travelling) halten wir doch da or dort an

    2) (fig: on this point) da

    you've got me there —

    3)

    (in phrases) there is/are — es or da ist/sind

    there is dancing afterwards — danach ist Tanz, danach wird getanzt

    there's a book I want to read — da ist ein Buch, das ich lesen möchte

    is there any wine left? – well, there was — ist noch Wein da? – gerade war noch welcher da

    there isn't any food/time/point, is there? – yes there is — es gibt wohl nichts zu essen/dazu haben wir wohl keine Zeit/das hat wohl keinen Sinn, oder? – doch!

    there seems to be no-one at home —

    there comes a time when... — es kommt eine Zeit, wo...

    there being no alternative solution —

    there will be an opportunity for shopping God said: let there be light, and there was light — es wird Gelegenheit zum Einkaufen geben und Gott sprach: es werde Licht! und es ward Licht

    there you are (giving sb sth) — hier(, bitte)!; (on finding sb) da sind Sie ja!

    there you or we are, you see, I knew he'd say that — na, sehen Sie, ich habe es ja gewusst, dass er das sagen würde

    wait, I'll help you... there you are! — warten Sie, ich helfe Ihnen,... so(, das wärs)!

    you press the switch and there you are! — Sie brauchen nur den Schalter zu drücken, das ist alles

    I can't dance, but there again, I never could — ich kann nicht tanzen, aber das habe ich eigentlich noch nie gekonnt

    2. interj

    there! there! — na, na!

    stop crying now, there's a good boy —

    drop it, there's a good dog — lass das fallen, komm, sei brav

    now there's a good boy, don't tease your sister — komm, sei ein braver Junge und ärgere deine Schwester nicht

    hey, you there! (inf) — he, Sie da!

    hurry up there (inf) — Beeilung!, Tempo, Tempo!

    make way there — Platz da!, machen Sie mal Platz!

    there, take this to your mother —

    but there, what's the good of talking about it? — was solls, es hat doch keinen Zweck, darüber zu reden

    there! I knew it would break! — da! ich habs ja gewusst, dass es kaputtgehen würde!

    * * *
    there [ðeə(r)]
    A adv
    1. da, dort:
    down (up, over, in) there da oder dort unten (oben, drüben, drinnen);
    the authorities there die dortigen Behörden;
    are you still there? TEL hören Sie?;
    I have been there before umg das weiß ich alles schon, ich weiß (genau) Bescheid;
    a) hier und jetzt,
    b) auf der Stelle, sofort;
    a) da ist es,
    b) fig so steht es, so stehen die Dinge;
    a) (da,) bitte schön,
    b) siehst du, da hast du’s;
    there you go umg da kann man nichts machen;
    you there! (Anruf) du da!, he!; → academic.ru/1723/all">all Bes Redew
    2. (da-, dort)hin:
    down (up, over, in) there (da oder dort) hinunter (hinauf, hinüber, hinein);
    there and back hin und zurück;
    a) hingelangen, -kommen,
    b) fig umg es schaffen;
    go there hingehen
    3. darin, in dieser Sache oder Hinsicht:
    there I agree with you darin stimme ich mit dir überein
    4. fig da, hier, an dieser Stelle (in einer Rede etc)
    5. es:
    there is, pl there are es gibt oder ist oder sind:
    there was once a king es war einmal ein König;
    there was dancing es wurde getanzt;
    there is sth between these two die beiden haben etwas miteinander;
    there is sth in that da ist etwas dran;
    there arises the question es erhebt sich die Frage;
    there are friends and there are friends unter den Freunden gibt es solche und solche;
    there was considerable confusion es herrschte beträchtliche Verwirrung;
    I thought there would be tears ich dachte, es würde Tränen geben;
    there’s a good boy sei schön brav!
    B int
    1. da!, schau (her)!, na!:
    there, there! (tröstend) na, komm!;
    there now! na, bitte!
    * * *
    1. adverb
    1) (in/at that place) da; dort; (fairly close) da

    somebody has been there before — (fig. coll.) jemand weiß Bescheid

    be down/in/up there — da unten/drin/oben sein

    there goes... — da geht/fährt usw....

    are you there? — (on telephone) sind Sie noch da od. (ugs.) dran?

    hello or hi there! — hallo!

    there's a good etc. boy/girl — das ist lieb [von dir, mein Junge/Mädchen]

    there, it is a loose wire — da haben wir's - ein loser Draht

    there it is — (nothing can be done about it) da kann man nichts machen

    there you are — (giving something) [da,] bitte schön (see also 2. 2))

    4) (to that place) dahin, dorthin [gehen, gelangen, fahren, rücken, stellen]

    we got there and back in two hours — wir brauchten für Hin- und Rückweg [nur] zwei Stunden

    down/in/up there — dort hinunter/hinein/hinauf

    get there first — jemandem/den anderen zuvorkommen

    get there — (fig.) (achieve) es [schon] schaffen; (understand) es verstehen

    there are many kinds of... — es gibt viele Arten von...

    there was once an old woman who... — es war einmal eine alte Frau, die...

    there's no time for that now — dafür haben wir/habe ich jetzt keine Zeit

    ... if ever there was one —... wie er/sie/es im Buche steht

    2. interjection
    1) (to soothe child etc.)

    there, there — na, na (ugs.)

    2) (expr. triumph or dismay)

    there [you are]! — da, siehst du! (see also 1. 3))

    there, you've dropped it! — da, jetzt hast du es doch fallen lassen!

    3. noun
    da, dort

    near there — da od. dort in der Nähe

    * * *
    adv.
    da adv.
    dort adv.
    dorthin adv.

    English-german dictionary > there

  • 7 there

    [ðeəʳ, ðəʳ, Am ðer, ðɚ] adv
    1) (in, at that place) dort;
    where are my glasses? - right \there beside you! wo ist meine Brille? - gleich dort neben dir!;
    \there's that book you were looking for hier ist das Buch, das du gesucht hast;
    the opportunity is right \there in front of you die Möglichkeit liegt unmittelbar vor dir;
    \there or thereabouts ( at or near place) in der Gegend dort, dort irgendwo ( fam) ( approximately) so ungefähr;
    forty years, \there or thereabouts, had elapsed so ungefähr vierzig Jahre waren vergangen;
    here and \there hier und da;
    \there and then [or then and \there] ( immediately) auf der Stelle, sofort
    I've left the boxes under \there ich habe die Schachteln dort unten hingestellt;
    if anyone wants out, \there's the door! wenn jemand gehen möchte, dort ist die Tür!;
    in \there da drin[nen];
    out \there da draußen;
    over \there da [o dort] drüben;
    up \there dort oben
    3) ( to a place) dahin, dorthin;
    put the chair \there stell den Stuhl dahin;
    the museum was closed today - we'll go \there tomorrow das Museum ist heute zu - wir gehen morgen hin;
    to get \there ( arrive) hinkommen;
    we'll never get \there in time wir kommen sicher nicht pünktlich;
    (fig: succeed) es schaffen;
    try again, you'll get \there in the end versuch es nochmal, du schaffst es schon;
    ( understand) es verstehen;
    you'll get \there if you think about it hard enough du verstehst es schon, wenn du lange genug darüber nachdenkst;
    \there and back hin und zurück;
    it was 20 miles \there and back hin und zurück waren es 20 Meilen;
    in \there dort hinein;
    I'm not going in \there - it's freezing ich gehe dort hinein - es ist bitterkalt
    4) ( in speech or text) an dieser Stelle;
    read out the rest of the letter, don't stop \there! lies' den Brief fertig, hör' nicht hier auf;
    ( on that subject) in diesem Punkt;
    I'd have to disagree with you \there in dieser Hinsicht [o da] muss ich Ihnen leider widersprechen;
    I don't agree with you \there in diesem Punkt stimme ich Ihnen nicht zu
    \there's someone on the phone for you Telefon für dich;
    \there's no doubt as to who is the best candidate es besteht kein Zweifel, wer der beste Kandidat/die beste Kandidatin ist;
    \there are lives at stake es stehen Leben auf dem Spiel;
    \there's a good boy/ girl/ dog ( used to show approval or encouragement) braver Junge/braves Mädchen/braver Hund;
    \there once was/lived... (liter: in fairytales) einst lebte..., es war einmal...;
    \there appears [or seems] to be... es scheint...;
    \there appeared/ seemed to be some difficulty in fixing a date for the meeting es scheint Schwierigkeiten zu geben, einen Termin für die Sitzung zu finden;
    \there comes a point where... ( form) es kommt der Punkt, an dem...
    hello \there! hallo!;
    \there goes the phone das ist das Telefon
    PHRASES:
    \there you go again[, doing sth] ( used to criticize sb for behaving in a way typical of them) das übliche Spiel;
    \there she goes again - she never knows when to stop das übliche Spiel - sie weiß nie, wann es genug ist;
    to have been \there before ( fam) alles schon wissen ( fam)
    to be neither here nor \there keine Rolle spielen;
    \there you are [or go] (fam: what you wanted) hier bitte;
    \there you are - that'll be £3.80 please hier bitte - das macht £3.80;
    (expressing confirmation, triumph or resignation) aber bitte;
    we didn't win the competition, but \there you go - we can always try again next year wir haben den Wettkampf zwar nicht gewonnen, aber bitte - wir können es nächstes Jahr nochmals versuchen;
    \there you are! I told you the problem was a political one ich wusste es! ich sagte dir, das wäre ein politisches Problem;
    sometimes it is embarrassing, but \there you go manchmal ist es peinlich, aber so ist es nun mal;
    to not be \there yet noch nicht bereit sein;
    to be \there to do sth dazu da sein, etw zu tun;
    at the end of the day we are \there to make money schließlich sind wir dazu da, Geld zu verdienen;
    to be \there for sb für jdn da sein;
    best friends are [always] \there for each other in times of trouble gute Freunde sind in schweren Zeiten [immer] füreinander an;
    been \there, done that ( fam) kalter Kaffee ( fam)
    \there goes sth etw ist im Begriff, den Bach runter zu gehen ( fam)
    \there goes my career das war's wohl mit meiner Karriere! ( fam)
    \there you have it na siehst du;
    simply turn the handle three times and \there you have it drehe einfach dreimal den Griff und schon geht's;
    \there it is was soll's;
    pretty ridiculous, I know, but \there it is ziemlich lächerlich, ich weiß, aber was soll's;
    to be all \there [up top] ( fam) geistig voll da sein ( fam)
    to not be all \there (fam: mentally lacking) nicht ganz da sein ( fam) ( no longer mentally fit) nicht mehr ganz auf der Höhe sein interj
    1) ( expressing sympathy) da!, schau!;
    \there, \there! [or \there now!] ganz ruhig!, schon gut!;
    \there, \there [or \there now] , don't cry, it won't hurt for long schon gut, weine nicht, es wird nicht lang wehtun
    2) ( expressing satisfaction) na bitte!, siehst du!;
    \there, I've made it work at last na also, ich hab's wieder repariert;
    \there, I told you she wouldn't mind! siehst du, ich habe dir gesagt, dass es ihr nichts ausmacht
    3) ( annoyance) also bitte;
    \there, now you've broken it! da, jetzt hast du es kaputtgemacht! ( fam)
    4) ( fam);
    so \there! und damit basta!;
    you can't share, so \there! du kannst nicht teilen, und damit basta!

    English-German students dictionary > there

  • 8 дорога была перекрыта, и полицейские приказывали всем объезжать

    Универсальный русско-английский словарь > дорога была перекрыта, и полицейские приказывали всем объезжать

  • 9 в связи с исчерпанием повестки дня ...

    Универсальный русско-английский словарь > в связи с исчерпанием повестки дня ...

  • 10 Sturgeon, William

    SUBJECT AREA: Electricity
    [br]
    b. 22 May 1783 Whittington, Lancashire, England
    d. 4 December 1850 Prestwich, Manchester, England
    [br]
    English inventor and lecturer, discoverer of the electromagnet, and inventor of the first electric motor put to practical use.
    [br]
    After leaving an apprenticeship as a shoemaker, Sturgeon enlisted in the militia. Self-educated during service as a private in the Royal Artillery, he began to construct scientific apparatus. When he left the army in 1820 Sturgeon became an industrious writer, contributing papers to the Philosophical Magazine. In 1823 he was appointed Lecturer in Natural Science at the East India Company's Military College in Addiscombe. His invention in 1823 of an electromagnet with a horseshoe-shaped, soft iron core provided a much more concentrated magnetic field than previously obtained. An electric motor he designed in 1832 embodied his invention of the first metallic commutator. This was used to rotate a meat-roasting jack. Over an extended period he conducted researches into atmospheric electricity and also introduced the practice of amalgamating zinc in primary cells to prevent local action.
    Sturgeon became Lecturer at the Adelaide Gallery, London, in 1832, an appointment of short duration, terminating when the gallery closed. In 1836 he established a monthly publication, The Annals of Electricity, Magnetism and Chemistry; and Guardian of Experimental Science, the first journal in England to be devoted to the subject. It was to this journal that James Prescot Joule contributed the results of his own researches in electromagnetism. Due to lack of financial support the publication ceased in 1843 after ten volumes had been issued. At the age of 57 Sturgeon became Superintendent of the Victoria Gallery of Practical Science in Manchester; after this gallery closed, the last five years of his life were spent in considerable poverty.
    [br]
    Principal Honours and Distinctions
    Society of Arts Silver Medal 1825.
    Bibliography
    1836, Annals of Electricity 1:75–8 (describes his motor).
    All his published papers were collected in Scientific Researches, Experimental and Theoretical in Electricity, Magnetism and Electro-Chemistry, 1850, Bury; 1852, London.
    Further Reading
    J.P.Joule, 1857, biography, in Memoirs of the Literary and Philosophical Society 14, Manchester: 53–8.
    Biography, 1895, Electrician 35:632–5 (includes a list of Sturgeon's published work). P.Dunsheath, 1957, A History of Electrical Engineering, London: Faber \& Faber.
    GW

    Biographical history of technology > Sturgeon, William

  • 11 Gropius, Walter Adolf

    [br]
    b. 18 May 1883 Berlin, Germany
    d. 5 July 1969 Boston, USA
    [br]
    German co-founder of the modern movement of architecture.
    [br]
    A year after he began practice as an architect, Gropius was responsible for the pace-setting Fagus shoe-last factory at Alfeld-an-der-Leine in Germany, one of the few of his buildings to survive the Second World War. Today the building does not appear unusual, but in 1911 it was a revolutionary prototype, heralding the glass curtain walled method of non-load-bearing cladding that later became ubiquitous. Made from glass, steel and reinforced concrete, this factory initiated a new concept, that of the International school of modern architecture.
    In 1919 Gropius was appointed to head the new School of Art and Design at Weimar, the Staatliches Bauhaus. The school had been formed by an amalgamation of the Grand Ducal schools of fine and applied arts founded in 1906. Here Gropius put into practice his strongly held views and he was so successful that this small college, which trained only a few hundred students in the limited years of its existence, became world famous, attracting artists, architects and students of quality from all over Europe.
    Gropius's idea was to set up an institution where students of all the arts and crafts could work together and learn from one another. He abhorred the artificial barriers that had come to exist between artists and craftsmen and saw them all as interdependent. He felt that manual dexterity was as essential as creative design. Every Bauhaus student, whatever the individual's field of work or talent, took the same original workshop training. When qualified they were able to understand and supervise all the aesthetic and constructional processes that made up the scope of their work.
    In 1924, because of political changes, the Weimar Bauhaus was closed, but Gropius was invited to go to Dessau to re-establish it in a new purpose-built school which he designed. This group of buildings became a prototype that designers of the new architectural form emulated. Gropius left the Bauhaus in 1928, only a few years before it was finally closed due to the growth of National Socialism. He moved to England in 1934, but because of a lack of architectural opportunities and encouragement he continued on his way to the USA, where he headed the Department of Architecture at Harvard University's Graduate School of Design from 1937 to 1952. After his retirement from there Gropius formed the Architect's Collaborative and, working with other architects such as Marcel Breuer and Pietro Belluschi, designed a number of buildings (for example, the US Embassy in Athens (1960) and the Pan Am Building in New York (1963)).
    [br]
    Bibliography
    1984, Scope of Total Architecture, Allen \& Unwin.
    Further Reading
    N.Pevsner, 1936, Pioneers of the Modern Movement: From William Morris to Walter Gropius, Penguin.
    C.Jenck, 1973, Modern Movements in Architecture, Penguin.
    H.Probst and C.Shädlich, 1988, Walter Gropius, Berlin: Ernst \& Son.
    DY

    Biographical history of technology > Gropius, Walter Adolf

  • 12 Bakewell, Robert

    [br]
    b. 23 May 1725 Loughborough, England
    d. 1 October 1795 Loughborough, England
    [br]
    English livestock breeder who pioneered the practice of progeny testing for selecting breeding stock; he is particularly associated with the development of the Improved Leicester breed of sheep.
    [br]
    Robert Bakewell was the son of the tenant farming the 500-acre (200 hectare) Dishley Grange Farm, near Loughborough, where he was born. The family was sufficiently wealthy to allow Robert to travel, which he began to do at an early age, exploring the farming methods of the West Country, Norfolk, Ireland and Holland. On taking over the farm he continued the development of the irrigation scheme begun by his father. Arthur Young visited the farm during his tour of east England in 1771. At that time it consisted of 440 acres (178 hectares), 110 acres (45 hectares) of which were arable, and carried a stock of 60 horses, 400 sheep and 150 other assorted beasts. Of the arable land, 30 acres (12 hectares) were under root crops, mainly turnips.
    Bakewell was not the first to pioneer selective breeding, but he was the first successfully to apply selection to both the efficiency with which an animal utilized its food, and its physical appearance. He always had a clear idea of the animal he wanted, travelled extensively to collect a range of animals possessing the characteristics he sought, and then bred from these towards his goal. He was aware of the dangers of inbreeding, but would often use it to gain the qualities he wanted. His early experiments were with Longhorn cattle, which he developed as a meat rather than a draught animal, but his most famous achievement was the development of the Improved Leicester breed of sheep. He set out to produce an animal that would put on the most meat in the least time and with the least feeding. As his base he chose the Old Leicester, but there is still doubt as to which other breeds he may have introduced to produce the desired results. The Improved Leicester was smaller than its ancestor, with poorer wool quality but with greatly improved meat-production capacity.
    Bakewell let out his sires to other farms and was therefore able to study their development under differing conditions. However, he made stringent rules for those who hired these animals, requiring the exclusive use of his rams on the farms concerned and requiring particular dietary conditions to be met. To achieve this control he established the Dishley Society in 1783. Although his policies led to accusations of closed access to his stock, they enabled him to keep a close control of all offspring. He thereby pioneered the process now recognized as "progeny testing".
    Bakewell's fame and that of his farm spread throughout the country and overseas. He engaged in an extensive correspondence and acted as host to all of influence in British and overseas agriculture, but it would appear that he was an over-generous host, since he is known to have been in financial difficulties in about 1789. He was saved from bankruptcy by a public subscription raised to allow him to continue with his breeding experiments; this experience may well have been the reason why he was such a staunch advocate of State funding of agricultural research.
    [br]
    Further Reading
    William Houseman, 1894, biography, Journal of the Royal Agricultural Society. 1–31. H.C.Parsons, 1957, Robert Bakewell (contains a more detailed account).
    R.Trow Smith, 1957, A History of British Livestock Husbandry to 1700, London: Routledge \& Kegan Paul.
    —A History of British Livestock Husbandry 1700 to 1900 (places Bakewell within the context of overall developments).
    M.L.Ryder, 1983, Sheep and Man, Duckworth (a scientifically detailed account which deals with Bakewell within the context of its particular subject).
    AP

    Biographical history of technology > Bakewell, Robert

  • 13 Dyer, Joseph Chessborough

    SUBJECT AREA: Textiles
    [br]
    b. 15 November 1780 Stonnington Point, Connecticut, USA
    d. 2 May 1871 Manchester, England
    [br]
    American inventor of a popular type of roving frame for cotton manufacture.
    [br]
    As a youth, Dyer constructed an unsinkable life-boat but did not immediately pursue his mechanical bent, for at 16 he entered the counting-house of a French refugee named Nancrède and succeeded to part of the business. He first went to England in 1801 and finally settled in 1811 when he married Ellen Jones (d. 1842) of Gower Street, London. Dyer was already linked with American inventors and brought to England Perkins's plan for steel engraving in 1809, shearing and nail-making machines in 1811, and also received plans and specifications for Fulton's steamboats. He seems to have acted as a sort of British patent agent for American inventors, and in 1811 took out a patent for carding engines and a card clothing machine. In 1813 there was a patent for spinning long-fibred substances such as hemp, flax or grasses, and in 1825 there was a further patent for card making machinery. Joshua Field, on his tour through Britain in 1821, saw a wire drawing machine and a leather splitting machine at Dyer's works as well as the card-making machines. At first Dyer lived in Camden Town, London, but he had a card clothing business in Birmingham. He moved to Manchester c.1816, where he developed an extensive engineering works under the name "Joseph C.Dyer, patent card manufacturers, 8 Stanley Street, Dale Street". In 1832 he founded another works at Gamaches, Somme, France, but this enterprise was closed in 1848 with heavy losses through the mismanagement of an agent. In 1825 Dyer improved on Danforth's roving frame and started to manufacture it. While it was still a comparatively crude machine when com-pared with later versions, it had the merit of turning out a large quantity of work and was very popular, realizing a large sum of money. He patented the machine that year and must have continued his interest in these machines as further patents followed in 1830 and 1835. In 1821 Dyer had been involved in the foundation of the Manchester Guardian (now The Guardian) and he was linked with the construction of the Liverpool \& Manchester Railway. He was not so successful with the ill-fated Bank of Manchester, of which he was a director and in which he lost £98,000. Dyer played an active role in the community and presented many papers to the Manchester Literary and Philosophical Society. He helped to establish the Royal Institution in London and the Mechanics Institution in Manchester. In 1830 he was a member of the delegation to Paris to take contributions from the town of Manchester for the relief of those wounded in the July revolution and to congratulate Louis-Philippe on his accession. He called for the reform of Parliament and helped to form the Anti-Corn Law League. He hated slavery and wrote several articles on the subject, both prior to and during the American Civil War.
    [br]
    Bibliography
    1811, British patent no. 3,498 (carding engines and card clothing machine). 1813, British patent no. 3,743 (spinning long-fibred substances).
    1825, British patent no. 5,309 (card making machinery).
    1825, British patent no. 5,217 (roving frame). 1830, British patent no. 5,909 (roving frame).
    1835, British patent no. 6,863 (roving frame).
    Further Reading
    Dictionary of National Biography.
    J.W.Hall, 1932–3, "Joshua Field's diary of a tour in 1821 through the Midlands", Transactions of the Newcomen Society 6.
    Evan Leigh, 1875, The Science of Modern Cotton Spinning, Vol. II, Manchester (provides an account of Dyer's roving frame).
    D.J.Jeremy, 1981, Transatlantic Industrial Revolution: The Diffusion of Textile
    Technologies Between Britain and America, 1790–1830s, Oxford (describes Dyer's links with America).
    See also: Arnold, Aza
    RLH

    Biographical history of technology > Dyer, Joseph Chessborough

  • 14 Evans, Oliver

    [br]
    b. 13 September 1755 Newport, Delaware, USA
    d. 15 April 1819 New York, USA
    [br]
    American millwright and inventor of the first automatic corn mill.
    [br]
    He was the fifth child of Charles and Ann Stalcrop Evans, and by the age of 15 he had four sisters and seven brothers. Nothing is known of his schooling, but at the age of 17 he was apprenticed to a Newport wheelwright and wagon-maker. At 19 he was enrolled in a Delaware Militia Company in the Revolutionary War but did not see active service. About this time he invented a machine for bending and cutting off the wires in textile carding combs. In July 1782, with his younger brother, Joseph, he moved to Tuckahoe on the eastern shore of the Delaware River, where he had the basic idea of the automatic flour mill. In July 1782, with his elder brothers John and Theophilus, he bought part of his father's Newport farm, on Red Clay Creek, and planned to build a mill there. In 1793 he married Sarah Tomlinson, daughter of a Delaware farmer, and joined his brothers at Red Clay Creek. He worked there for some seven years on his automatic mill, from about 1783 to 1790.
    His system for the automatic flour mill consisted of bucket elevators to raise the grain, a horizontal screw conveyor, other conveying devices and a "hopper boy" to cool and dry the meal before gathering it into a hopper feeding the bolting cylinder. Together these components formed the automatic process, from incoming wheat to outgoing flour packed in barrels. At that time the idea of such automation had not been applied to any manufacturing process in America. The mill opened, on a non-automatic cycle, in 1785. In January 1786 Evans applied to the Delaware legislature for a twenty-five-year patent, which was granted on 30 January 1787 although there was much opposition from the Quaker millers of Wilmington and elsewhere. He also applied for patents in Pennsylvania, Maryland and New Hampshire. In May 1789 he went to see the mill of the four Ellicot brothers, near Baltimore, where he was impressed by the design of a horizontal screw conveyor by Jonathan Ellicot and exchanged the rights to his own elevator for those of this machine. After six years' work on his automatic mill, it was completed in 1790. In the autumn of that year a miller in Brandywine ordered a set of Evans's machinery, which set the trend toward its general adoption. A model of it was shown in the Market Street shop window of Robert Leslie, a watch-and clockmaker in Philadelphia, who also took it to England but was unsuccessful in selling the idea there.
    In 1790 the Federal Plant Laws were passed; Evans's patent was the third to come within the new legislation. A detailed description with a plate was published in a Philadelphia newspaper in January 1791, the first of a proposed series, but the paper closed and the series came to nothing. His brother Joseph went on a series of sales trips, with the result that some machinery of Evans's design was adopted. By 1792 over one hundred mills had been equipped with Evans's machinery, the millers paying a royalty of $40 for each pair of millstones in use. The series of articles that had been cut short formed the basis of Evans's The Young Millwright and Miller's Guide, published first in 1795 after Evans had moved to Philadelphia to set up a store selling milling supplies; it was 440 pages long and ran to fifteen editions between 1795 and 1860.
    Evans was fairly successful as a merchant. He patented a method of making millstones as well as a means of packing flour in barrels, the latter having a disc pressed down by a toggle-joint arrangement. In 1801 he started to build a steam carriage. He rejected the idea of a steam wheel and of a low-pressure or atmospheric engine. By 1803 his first engine was running at his store, driving a screw-mill working on plaster of Paris for making millstones. The engine had a 6 in. (15 cm) diameter cylinder with a stroke of 18 in. (45 cm) and also drove twelve saws mounted in a frame and cutting marble slabs at a rate of 100 ft (30 m) in twelve hours. He was granted a patent in the spring of 1804. He became involved in a number of lawsuits following the extension of his patent, particularly as he increased the licence fee, sometimes as much as sixfold. The case of Evans v. Samuel Robinson, which Evans won, became famous and was one of these. Patent Right Oppression Exposed, or Knavery Detected, a 200-page book with poems and prose included, was published soon after this case and was probably written by Oliver Evans. The steam engine patent was also extended for a further seven years, but in this case the licence fee was to remain at a fixed level. Evans anticipated Edison in his proposal for an "Experimental Company" or "Mechanical Bureau" with a capital of thirty shares of $100 each. It came to nothing, however, as there were no takers. His first wife, Sarah, died in 1816 and he remarried, to Hetty Ward, the daughter of a New York innkeeper. He was buried in the Bowery, on Lower Manhattan; the church was sold in 1854 and again in 1890, and when no relative claimed his body he was reburied in an unmarked grave in Trinity Cemetery, 57th Street, Broadway.
    [br]
    Further Reading
    E.S.Ferguson, 1980, Oliver Evans: Inventive Genius of the American Industrial Revolution, Hagley Museum.
    G.Bathe and D.Bathe, 1935, Oliver Evans: Chronicle of Early American Engineering, Philadelphia, Pa.
    IMcN

    Biographical history of technology > Evans, Oliver

  • 15 Koenig, Friedrich

    SUBJECT AREA: Paper and printing
    [br]
    b. 17 April 1774 Eisleben, Thuringia, Germany
    d. 17 January 1833 Oberzell, near Würzburg, Germany
    [br]
    German inventor of the machine printing press.
    [br]
    Koenig became a printer and bookseller. Around 1800 he was among those who conceived the idea of mechanizing the hand printing press, which apart from minor details had survived virtually unchanged through the first three and a half centuries of printing. In 1803, in Sühl, Saxony, he designed a press in which the flat forme, carrying the type, was mechanically inked and passed to and from the platen. Whether this ma-chine was ever constructed is not known, but Koenig found little support for his ideas because of lack of technical and financial resources. So, in 1806, he went to England and was introduced to Thomas Bensley, a book printer off Fleet Street in London. Bensley agreed to support Koenig and brought in two other printers to help finance Koenig's experiments. Another German, Andreas Bauer, an engineer, assisted Koenig and became largely responsible for the practical execution of Koenig's plans.
    In 1810 they patented a press which was steam-driven but still used a platen. It was set to work in Bensley's office the following year but did not prove to be satisfactory. Koenig redesigned it, and in October 1811 he obtained a patent for a steam-driven press on an entirely new principle. In place of the platen, the paper was fixed around a hollow rotating cylinder, which impressed the paper on to the inked forme. In Bensley's office it was used for book printing, but its increased speed over the hand press appealed to newspaper proprietors and John Walter II of The Times asked Koenig to make a double-cylinder machine, so that the return stroke of the forme would be productive. A further patent was taken out in 1813 and the new machine was made ready to print the 29 November 1814 issue—in secrecy, behind closed doors, to forestall opposition from the pressmen working the hand presses. An important feature of the machine was that the inking rollers were not of the traditional leather or skin but a composite material made from glue, molasses and some soda. The inking could not have been achieved satisfactorily with the old materials. The editorial of that historic issue proclaimed, 'Our Journal of this day presents to the public the practical result of the greatest improvement connected with printing, since the discovery of the art itself Koenig's machine press could make 1,200 impressions an hour compared to 200 with the hand press; further improvements raised this figure to 1,500–2,000. Koenig's last English patent was in 1814 for an improved cylinder machine and a perfecting machine, which printed both sides of the paper. The steam-driven perfecting press was printing books in Bensley's office in February 1816. Koenig and Bauer wanted by that time to manufacture machine presses for other customers, but Bensley, now the principal shareholder, insisted that they should make machines for his benefit only. Finding this restriction intolerable, Koenig and Bauer returned to Germany: they became partners in a factory at Oberzell, near Würzburg, in 1817 and the firm of Koenig and Bauer flourishes there to this day.
    [br]
    Further Reading
    J.Moran, 1973, Printing Presses, London: Faber \& Faber.
    LRD

    Biographical history of technology > Koenig, Friedrich

  • 16 Paxton, Sir Joseph

    [br]
    b. 3 August 1801 Milton Bryant, Bedfordshire, England
    d. 8 June 1865 Sydenham, London, England
    [br]
    English designer of the Crystal Palace, the first large-scale prefabricated ferrovitreous structure.
    [br]
    The son of a farmer, he had worked in gardens since boyhood and at the age of 21 was employed as Undergardener at the Horticultural Society Gardens in Chiswick, from where he went on to become Head Gardener for the Duke of Devonshire at Chatsworth. It was there that he developed his methods of glasshouse construction, culminating in the Great Conservatory of 1836–40, an immense structure some 277 ft (84.4 m) long, 123 ft (37.5 m) wide and 67 ft (20.4 m) high. Its framework was of iron and its roof of glass, with wood to contain the glass panels; it is now demolished. Paxton went on to landscape garden design, fountain and waterway engineering, the laying out of the model village of Edensor, and to play a part in railway and country house projects.
    The structure that made Paxton a household name was erected in Hyde Park, London, to house the Great Exhibition of 1851 and was aptly dubbed, by Punch, the Crystal Palace. The idea of holding an international exhibition for industry had been mooted in 1849 and was backed by Prince Albert and Henry Cole. The money for this was to be raised by public subscription and 245 designs were entered into a competition held in 1850; however, most of the concepts, received from many notable architects and engineers, were very costly and unsuitable, and none were accepted. That same year, Paxton published his scheme in the Illustrated London News and it was approved after it received over-whelming public support.
    Paxton's Crystal Palace, designed and erected in association with the engineers Fox and Henderson, was a prefabricated glasshouse of vast dimensions: it was 1,848 ft (563.3 m) long, 408 ft (124.4 m) wide and over 100 ft (30.5 m) high. It contained 3,300 iron columns, 2,150 girders. 24 miles (39 km) of guttering, 600,000 ft3 (17,000 m3) of timber and 900,000 ft2 (84,000 m) of sheet glass made by Chance Bros, of Birmingham. One of the chief reasons why it was accepted by the Royal Commission Committee was that it fulfilled the competition proviso that it should be capable of being erected quickly and subsequently dismantled and re-erected elsewhere. The Crystal Palace was to be erected at a cost of £79,800, much less than the other designs. Building began on 30 July 1850, with a labour force of some 2,000, and was completed on 31 March 1851. It was a landmark in construction at the time, for its size, speed of construction and its non-eclectic design, and, most of all, as the first great prefabricated building: parts were standardized and made in quantity, and were assembled on site. The exhibition was opened by Queen Victoria on 1 May 1851 and had received six million visitors when it closed on 11 October. The building was dismantled in 1852 and reassembled, with variations in design, at Sydenham in south London, where it remained until its spectacular conflagration in 1936.
    [br]
    Principal Honours and Distinctions
    Knighted 1851. MP for Coventry 1854–65. Fellow Linnaean Society 1853; Horticultural Society 1826. Order of St Vladimir, Russia, 1844.
    Further Reading
    P.Beaver, 1986, The Crystal Palace: A Portrait of Victorian Enterprise, Phillimore. George F.Chadwick, 1961, Works of Sir Joseph Paxton 1803–1865, Architectural Press.
    DY

    Biographical history of technology > Paxton, Sir Joseph

  • 17 Voigt, Paul Gustavus Adolphus Helmuth

    [br]
    b. 9 December 1901 Forest Hill, London, England
    d. 9 February 1981 Brighton, Ontario, Canada
    [br]
    English/Canadian electronics engineer, developer of electromechanical recording and reproductions systems, amplifiers and loudspeakers.
    [br]
    He received his education at Dulwich College and in 1922 graduated with a BSc from University College, London. He had an early interest in the application of valve amplifiers, and after graduating he was employed by J.E.Hough, Edison Bell Works, to develop a line of radio-receiving equipment. However, he became interested in the mechanical (and later electrical) side of recording and from 1925 developed principles and equipment. In particular he developed capacitor microphones, not only for in-house work but also commercially, until the mid-1930s. The Edison Bell company did not survive the Depression and closed in 1933. Voigt founded his own company, Voigt Patents Ltd, concentrating on loudspeakers for cinemas and developing horn loudspeakers for domestic use. During the Second World War he continued to develop loudspeaker units and gramophone pick-ups, and in 1950 he emigrated to Toronto, Canada, but his company closed. Voigt taught electronics, and from 1960 to 1969 he was employed by the Radio Regulations Laboratory in Ottawa. After retirement he worked with theoretical cosmology and fundamental interactions.
    [br]
    Bibliography
    Most of Voigt's patents are concerned with improvements in the magnetic circuit in dynamic loudspeakers and centring devices for diaphragms. However, UK patent nos. 278,098, 404,037 and 447,749 may be regarded as particularly relevant. In 1940 Voigt contributed a remarkable paper on the principles of equalization in mechanical recording: "Getting the best from records, part 1—the recording characteristic", Wireless World (February): 141–4.
    Further Reading
    Personal accounts of experiences with Voigt may be found in "Paul Voigt's contribution to Audio", British Kinematography Sound and Television (October 1970): 316–27, which also includes a list of his patents.
    GB-N

    Biographical history of technology > Voigt, Paul Gustavus Adolphus Helmuth

  • 18 Voisin, Gabriel

    SUBJECT AREA: Aerospace
    [br]
    b. 5 February 1880 Belleville-sur-Saône, France
    d. 25 December 1973 Ozenay, France
    [br]
    French manufacturer of aeroplanes in the early years of aviation.
    [br]
    Gabriel Voisin was one of a group of aviation pioneers working in France c. 1905. One of the leaders of this group was a rich lawyer-sportsman, Ernest Archdeacon. For a number of years they had been building gliders based on those of the Wright brothers. Archdeacon's glider of 1904 was flown by Voisin, who went on to assist in the design and manufacture of gliders for Archdeacon and Louis Blériot, including successful float-gliders. Gabriel Voisin was joined by his brother Charles in 1905 and they set up the first commercial aircraft factory. As the Voisins had limited funds, they had to seek customers who could afford to indulge in the fashionable hobby of flying. One was Santos- Dumont, who commissioned Voisin to build his "14 bis" aeroplane in 1906.
    Early in 1907 the Voisins built their first powered aeroplane, but it was not a success.
    Later that year they completed a biplane for a Paris sculptor, Léon Delagrange, and another for Henri Farman. The basic Voisin was a biplane with the engine behind the pilot and a "pusher" propeller. Pitching was controlled by biplane elevators forward of the pilot and rudders were fitted to the box kite tail, but there was no control of roll.
    Improvements were gradually introduced by the Voisins and their customers, such as Farman. Incidentally, to flatter their clients the Voisins often named the aircraft after them, thus causing some confusion to historians. Many Voisins were built up until 1910, when the company's fortunes sank. Competition was growing, the factory was flooded, and Charles left. Gabriel started again, building robust biplanes of steel construction. Voisin bombers were widely used during the First World War, and a subsidiary factory was built in Russia.
    In August 1917, Voisin sold his business when the French Air Ministry decided that Voisin aeroplanes were obsolete and that the factory should be turned over to the building of engines. After the war he started another business making prefabricated houses, and then turned to manufacturing motor cars. From 1919 to 1939 his company produced various models, mainly for the luxury end of the market but also including a few sports and racing cars. In the early 1950s he designed a small two-seater, which was built by the Biscuter company in Spain. The Voisin company finally closed in 1958.
    [br]
    Principal Honours and Distinctions
    Chevalier de la Légion d'honneur 1909. Académie des Sciences Gold Medal 1909.
    Bibliography
    1961, Mes dix milles cerfs-volants, France; repub. 1963 as Men, Women and 10,000 Kites, London (autobiography; an eminent reviewer said, "it contains so many demonstrable absurdities, untruths and misleading statements, that one does not know how much of the rest one can believe").
    1962, Mes Mille et un voitures, France (covers his cars).
    Further Reading
    C.H.Gibbs-Smith, 1965, The Invention of the Aeroplane 1799–1909, London (includes an account of Voisin's contribution to aviation and a list of his early aircraft).
    Jane's Fighting Aircraft of World War I, London; reprinted 1990 (provides details of Voisin's 1914–18 aircraft).
    E.Chadeau, 1987, L'Industrie aéronautique en France 1900–1950, de Blériot à Dassault, Paris.
    G.N.Georgano, 1968, Encyclopedia of Motor Cars 1885 to the Present, New York (includes brief descriptions of Voisin's cars).
    JDS

    Biographical history of technology > Voisin, Gabriel

  • 19 Kirkaldy, David

    [br]
    b. 4 April 1820 Mayfield, Dundee, Scotland
    d. 25 January 1897 London, England
    [br]
    Scottish engineer and pioneer in materials testing.
    [br]
    The son of a merchant of Dundee, Kirkaldy was educated there, then at Merchiston Castle School, Edinburgh, and at Edinburgh University. For a while he worked in his father's office, but with a preference for engineering, in 1843 he commenced an apprenticeship at the Glasgow works of Robert Napier. After four years in the shops he was transferred to the drawing office and in a very few years rose to become Chief. Here Kirkaldy demonstrated a remarkable talent both for the meticulous recording of observations and data and for technical drawing. His work also had an aesthetic appeal and four of his drawings of Napier steamships were shown at the Paris Exhibition of 1855, earning both Napier and Kirkaldy a medal. His "as fitted" set of drawings of the Cunard Liner Persia, which had been built in 1855, is now in the possession of the National Maritime Museum at Greenwich, London; it is regarded as one of the finest examples of its kind in the world, and has even been exhibited at the Royal Academy in London.
    With the impending order for the Royal Naval Ironclad Black Prince (sister ship to HMS Warrior, now preserved at Portsmouth) and for some high-pressure marine boilers and engines, there was need for a close scientific analysis of the physical properties of iron and steel. Kirkaldy, now designated Chief Draughtsman and Calculator, was placed in charge of this work, which included comparisons of puddled steel and wrought iron, using a simple lever-arm testing machine. The tests lasted some three years and resulted in Kirkaldy's most important publication, Experiments on Wrought Iron and Steel (1862, London), which gained him wide recognition for his careful and thorough work. Napier's did not encourage him to continue testing; but realizing the growing importance of materials testing, Kirkaldy resigned from the shipyard in 1861. For the next two and a half years Kirkaldy worked on the design of a massive testing machine that was manufactured in Leeds and installed in premises in London, at The Grove, Southwark.
    The works was open for trade in January 1866 and engineers soon began to bring him specimens for testing on the great machine: Joseph Cubitt (son of William Cubitt) brought him samples of the materials for the new Blackfriars Bridge, which was then under construction. Soon The Grove became too cramped and Kirkaldy moved to 99 Southwark Street, reopening in January 1874. In the years that followed, Kirkaldy gained a worldwide reputation for rigorous and meticulous testing and recording of results, coupled with the highest integrity. He numbered the most distinguished engineers of the time among his clients.
    After Kirkaldy's death, his son William George, whom he had taken into partnership, carried on the business. When the son died in 1914, his widow took charge until her death in 1938, when the grandson David became proprietor. He sold out to Treharne \& Davies, chemical consultants, in 1965, but the works finally closed in 1974. The future of the premises and the testing machine at first seemed threatened, but that has now been secured and the machine is once more in working order. Over almost one hundred years of trading in South London, the company was involved in many famous enquiries, including the analysis of the iron from the ill-fated Tay Bridge (see Bouch, Sir Thomas).
    [br]
    Principal Honours and Distinctions
    Institution of Engineers and Shipbuilders in Scotland Gold Medal 1864.
    Bibliography
    1862, Results of an Experimental Inquiry into the Tensile Strength and Other Properties of Wrought Iron and Steel (originally presented as a paper to the 1860–1 session of the Scottish Shipbuilders' Association).
    Further Reading
    D.P.Smith, 1981, "David Kirkaldy (1820–97) and engineering materials testing", Transactions of the Newcomen Society 52:49–65 (a clear and well-documented account).
    LRD / FMW

    Biographical history of technology > Kirkaldy, David

  • 20 Townsend, Matthew

    SUBJECT AREA: Textiles
    [br]
    b. Leicester (?), England
    d. after 1867 USA
    [br]
    English inventor of the latch needle for making seamless hose, and developer of ribbed knitting on circular machines.
    [br]
    Townsend, who described himself in his first patent as a framework knitter and afterwards as a hosier of Leicester, took out a patent in 1847 for the application of a "machine like that of a point net frame to an ordinary stocking-frame". He described needles and hooks of a peculiar shape which were able to take the work off the knitting machine, reverse the loops and return them again so that ribbed knitting could be made on circular machines. These became popular for knitting stockings which, although not fully fashioned, had sufficient strength to fit the leg. In 1854 he took out a patent for making round hose with heels and toes fashioned on other machines. In yet another patent, in 1856, he described a method of raising looped pile on knitted fabrics for making "terry" towelling fabrics. He could use different coloured yarns in the fabric that were controlled by a Jacquard mechanism. It was in the same year, 1856, in a further patent that he described his tumbler or latch needles as well as the making of figured patterns in knitting on both sides of the fabric with a Jacquard mechanism. The latch needles were self-acting, being made to move up and down or backwards and forwards by the action of cams set in the cylindrical body of the machine. Normally the needle worked in a vertical or inclined position with the previous loop on the shank below the latch. Weft yarn was placed in the hook of the needle. The needle was drawn down between fixed plates which formed a new loop with the weft. At the same time, the original loop already on the shank of the needle moved along the shank and closed the latch so that it could pass over the newly formed loop in the needle hook and fall over the end of the needle incorporating the new loop on its way to make the next row of stitches. The latch needle obviated the need for loop wheels and pressers and thus simplified the knitting mechanism. Townsend's invention was the forerunner of an entirely new generation of knitting machines, but it was many years before its full potential was realized, the bearded needle of William Lee being preferred because the hinge of the latch could not be made as fine as the bearded needle.
    Townsend was in the first rank of skilful manufacturers of fancy Leicester hosiery and had a good practical knowledge of the machinery used in his trade. Having patented his needles, he seems not to have succeeded in getting them into very profitable or extensive use, possibly because he fixed the royalty too high. His invention proved to be most useful and profitable in the hands of others, for it gave great impetus to the trade in seamless hose. For various reasons he discontinued his business in Leicester. He emigrated to the USA, where, after some initial setbacks, he began to reap the rewards of his skill.
    [br]
    Bibliography
    1847, British patent no. 11,899 (knitting machine). 1854, British patent no. 1,523 (seamless hose).
    1856, British patent no. 1,157 ("terry" towelling fabrics).
    1856, British patent no. 1,858 (latch needles and double-sided patterns on fabrics).
    Further Reading
    F.A.Wells, 1935, The British Hosiery and Knitwear Industry, London (mentions Townsend briefly).
    W.Felkin, 1967, History of the Machine-wrought Hosiery and Lace Manufactures, reprint, Newton Abbot (orig. pub. 1867) (a better account of Townsend).
    RLH

    Biographical history of technology > Townsend, Matthew

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